BHO is often made via a process that uses a solvent to draw THC and other cannabinoids from crude cannabis materials. 7 Oils from the cannabis plant containing cannabinoids can be extracted in a number of ways and used to make high-THC concentration products that are inhaled (either by combustion or vaporization) or ingested. Synthetic cannabinoids, which have also gained in popularity despite legal regulations, differ from these natural products derived from the cannabis plant but also act on cannabinoid receptors. These compounds act on the cannabinoid receptors in the brain and alter neurotransmitter release. The flowers of the female cannabis plant and other parts of the plant contain phytocannabinoids, including THC. 6īHO is only one of several cannabis and cannabis-type products that have recently increased in availability in medical, retail, and illicit markets. 5 As a result, some even suggest that BHO products are now among the most commonly used illicit products in the United States. 4 Aiding in the newfound popularity of dabs are widespread cannabis community magazines, such as High Times, that present BHO concentrate as an easier method of utilizing once-wasted parts of the cannabis plant and claim BHO has superior pain relief properties. 2, 3 Generally, the term “dab” refers to an amount of BHO product associated with a single use while “dabbing” refers to the act of administering that product. 2, 3 The emergence of medical and legal recreational marijuana in the United States has apparently facilitated increased interest in these extracts, referred to as BHO, dabs, oil, or by more specific terminology that describes the product’s consistency (eg, shatter, honeycomb, crumble wax, budder, earwax). Today’s amateur extracts are often created using a process that involves butane, hence the term “butane hash oil” (BHO), but regardless of the solvent, the result is a product potentially far more potent than flower cannabis. 1 Another form of hashish oil called “smash” also made a brief appearance in 1967 in the United States. These users would then either smear the product onto a rolling paper or saturate tobacco with the liquid concentrate. 1 It is believed that soldiers in the Vietnam conflict would extract tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) into a liquid concentrate by using solvents such as acetone or petrol. We follow the presentation of this material with a summary of the (mis)information reaching the public in print and online sources so that public educational campaigns can focus on dispelling the inaccuracies and false notions of safety that may be tied to amateur production.īutane hash oil – the “new” old form of marijuana use growing in popularityĮven though “dabbing” is often portrayed as a new trend by the popular media, its origins among American substance users can be easily traced back to the 1960s with other forms of extracts used well before that time. The resulting assessment centers on three areas: 1) dab users including both recreational users and medical marijuana patients 2) butane extraction techniques including illicit amateur open methods and the safer closed-loop system employed in medicinal/recreational states and 3) risks, both related to fires and legality. As research on butane extract users, amateur production techniques, health risks, and legality is in its infancy, we explored existing studies on the topic to create a review of substantiated knowledge related to THC extracted using butane. Using butane as a solvent in amateur “blasting” methods may result in a flammable vapor pooling in enclosed spaces and igniting when exposed to a spark. While this may confer heightened risk to the user, additional significant concerns are tied to fires and explosions. The administration of butane hash oil, colloquially referred to as “dabbing,” is distinct from traditional flower cannabis usage due to the THC content of samples and the presence of impurities such as unpurged butane. The use of marijuana concentrates has escalated in recent years with butane extracts appearing particularly popular.
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